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来源：百度知道 编辑：UC知道 时间：2024/05/14 13:05:24
Scale Economies
Scale economies are related to the decline in a firm’s average costs with higher volume over the long term,as fixed costs are spread across a large number of units produced.Firms with high fixed costs cannot be profitable unless they produce at a volume above break-even.How average costs decline with increases in volume depends on whether fixed costs are recurring or nonrecurring.Firms with recurring fixed costs must reinvest in new capacity in a stepwise fashion as volume grows.Here the average cost rises and falls as new facilities are initiated.In contrast,for many firms-for example,those producing information goods such as movies or software-the cost of developing and producing the product is a large up-front investment that is non-recurring and cannot be recovered(i.e.,sold to another firm).Further,this investment can often dwarf other costs.In these industries,the average cost curve declines steadily with higher volume,and the profits made on sales beyond t
Scale economies are related to the decline in a firm’s average costs with higher volume over the long term,as fixed costs are spread across a large number of units produced.Firms with high fixed costs cannot be profitable unless they produce at a volume above break-even.How average costs decline with increases in volume depends on whether fixed costs are recurring or nonrecurring.Firms with recurring fixed costs must reinvest in new capacity in a stepwise fashion as volume grows.Here the average cost rises and falls as new facilities are initiated.In contrast,for many firms-for example,those producing information goods such as movies or software-the cost of developing and producing the product is a large up-front investment that is non-recurring and cannot be recovered(i.e.,sold to another firm).Further,this investment can often dwarf other costs.In these industries,the average cost curve declines steadily with higher volume,and the profits made on sales beyond t
刻度经济
刻度经济是相关的到那衰微在一个公司的中平均费用与在长期上的较高的体积,当做固定的费用由很多的单位分担生产。公司与高度固定的费用不可能是有利润的除非他们农产品在体积上方收支平衡的。如何平均费用衰微与体积的增加仰赖是否固定的费用正在回到或非回到。公司与回到被固定的费用一定以新的能力再投资在一楼梯式的流行当体积生长。在这里那平均费用上升和秋天当新的设备是开始。在差别,为多数公司-举例来说,正在产生数据的人货物如此的当做电影或者软件-那费用发展中的而且产生产品是非回到的大的向上-前面投资而且不能够是恢复.(也就是,卖到另外的公司)更远的,这投资能时常矮子其他的费用。在这些工业中,那平均费用曲线衰微稳定地以较高的体积,和利润制造在拍卖中超过那收支平衡的点是可观的。
一项通常的假定是那么大的刻度允许那公司投资在较多的有效率的程序以便变数费用每一单位是低的。比较高的体积使更多能够标准化,通常自动化程序, 有关低的人工成本。这一种现象的最出名的例子之一是福特的集会 lin, 鼓吹革命竞争在 1908.种福特的改革的汽车业中是使被能够比较高汽车刻度当做工业扩大在美国而且彻底毁灭多数比较高的-费用竞争者。刻度效率如此系到继续的程序改革当做一公司生长。
它对监定是通常的一最小量有效率的大小在一种工业中在哪一个公司开始达成经济效益,竞争者在体积中典型地改变在哪一个这些经济是达成。理由是公司的技术,虽然相似的,充分地改变产生不同的费用结构。这变化是受到驱策的藉着独特减少费用的能力练习。这些不同产生 pooortunity 让比较有效率的公司达成一个竞争的利益。但是如此的一个利益可能不是足以支撑的自从当做公司生长,它可能不能够把它的减少费用能力扩充到比较高度刻度。